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Litigation: Case Law

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Jurisdictions with Good Case Law
Marriage, Sex Designation and Name Change Cases
Discrimination
Criminal Justice
Immigration
Medical
Tax
Youth
Torts Litigation

For an up-to-date overview of all the significant transgender related case law in the U.S., including marriage, discrimination, immigration and asylum, health care, prison issues, hate crimes, see Shannon Minter, "Representing Transsexual Clients: Selected Legal Issues." In HTML format.


Jurisdictions with Good Case Law: 

UNDER SEX DISCRIMINATION LAWS

March 25, 2005--Cincinatti, OH--Sixth Circuit upholds officer's TG discrimination award; Court says again: 1964 Civil Rights Act includes transgender and some gay bias. Gay Peoples Chronicle story here. Gay City News story here.

June 1, 2004--Ohio--Sixth Circuit holds that Title VII applies to transgender people, based on their reading of Price Waterhouse, but later amends their decision to narrow its holdings. Read amended version here.  Read the full original decision here in PDF.

There are three states -- New York, Massachusetts, and New Jersey -- in which courts have interpreted state SEX discrimination laws to include transgender people.

There are three states, Connecticut, Hawai'i and Vermont, in which an administrative agencies have interpreted sex discrimination laws to protect transgender people.   

  • In November 2000, the Connecticut Commission on Human Rights and Opportunities ruled that the state laws prohibiting sex discrimination include transgender people within those protections. See GLAD press release.  Read the decision.
  • In July of 2002, the Hawaii Civil Rights Commission ruled that the commission can hear sexual discrimination complaints filed by transgendered or transsexual individuals.  You can read the decision in HTML here or you can download it in RTF format offsite here.
  • In April 23 of 2004 the Vermont Attorney General issued a ruling prohibiting discrimination against transgender employees in the case of a former Hardwick, Vt. Police Officer who was fired because he was transgender.   See GLAD press release here.

UNDER DISABILITY LAWS

Courts in Massachusetts and New Jersey have also held that transsexual people are protected under state disability laws in those two states.  For the New Jersey case, Enriquez, M.D. v. West Jersey Health Systems, see TLPI press release: New Jersey Appeals Court Finds Transgender Doctor Covered by State Non-Discrimination Law. Read the actual decision here. 2001.

In addition, administrative agencies in Florida and Illinois have held that transsexual people are protected under state disability laws in those two states as well.

The Oregon Bureau of Labor and Industry has also held that transsexual people have some limited protection under Oregon disability law as well, although the scope of this is limited and does not require an employer to provide reasonable accommodation to a transitioning employee.

UNDER "PERSONAL APPEARANCE" NON-DISCRIMINATION STATUTES

Finally, courts in Washington, D.C. have interpreted the D.C. statute prohibiting "personal appearance" discrimination to include transgender people.

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Marriage, Sex Designation and Name Change Cases:

December 2, 2003--New York, NY--Sylvia Rivera Law Project Wins Transgender Woman's Name Change Case.   Decision here in PDF, SRLP brief here in PDF.  See also Art Leonard's Gay City News story here; NY Lawyer story here and Newsday story here.

September 26, 2003--Augusta, GA--Pre-op trans woman wins name change; Two-year ordeal spiraled `out of control', Augusta judge says. Southern Voice story here.

April 10, 2003--Transgender UK Marriage Not Legal: A British transgendered woman has lost the battle to have her 22-year marriage declared legal. See story here.   See Press For Change fact sheet on this case, Bellinger v. Bellinger.

April 9, 2003--Chicago, IL--Judge Denies TG Man Custody Of Son:  A Chicago judge Tuesday ruled a transgender male cannot be granted parental rights because same-sex marriages are illegal in Illinois and therefore the man was never the boy's legitimate father. See 365gay.com story here.

March 14, 2003--Warren, Ohio--Gay People's Chronicle: A Cincinnati anti-gay group has asked a court to allow them to oppose the appeal of a heterosexual couple denied marriage because one is transsexual. Story here.  But that motion was denied:  May 9, 2003--Warren Ohio--The judge who denied a marriage license to a heterosexual couple because one is transgender will not be heard during their appeal. Neither will a Cincinnati anti-gay group that inserted themselves into the case. See Gay People's Chronicle story here.
December 31, 2003--Trumbull County, Ohio--Decision Made in Transsexual Marriage Case. Here.

July 6, 2003--United Kingdom--Transsexuals win right to marry; Britain's 5,000 transsexuals who have gone through a full medical sex change are to be given the legal right to marry and have the gender changed on their birth certificate. Guardian story here.

July 23, 2004--Florida--Florida Court of Appeal Invalidates Marriage But Rejects Mother’s Request to Deprive Transgender Father of Parental Rights. The Florida Court of Appeal issued a decision today in a marriage and custody case involving Michael Kantaras, a transsexual man who married a woman in Florida and had two children with her.  When Michael petitioned for divorce, his wife asked the court to invalidate their marriage and to strip Michael of any parental rights, based solely on his transgender status.  After a three week trial in 2002, which was televised on Court TV, the trial court held that Michael is legally male, the marriage was valid, and awarded primary custody to Michael.  The trial court’s decision – which surveyed all of the existing legal and medical literature on transsexualism, and which ultimately exceeded 800 pages in length -- received national attention.  Release is here in PDF or visit the NCLR web page for the joint NCLR/Equality Florida full release. Decision here. Other documents/stories:

Littleton v. Prange (1999) - Texas appellate court negates 7-year marriage of Christie Lee Littleton because she was born male-bodied. Site also contains documents related to the litigation. See other Littleton v. Prange documents on the Texas Human RIghts Foundation page.

In the Matter of Robert Wright Helig (2003).  Maryland Appellate court remands case back to lower court, finding the lower court had "erred in broadly concluding, as a matter of law, that gender was not subject to modification or adjustment," and instructing the lower court not to dismiss a transsexual women's request for a new birth certificate out of hand, but to consider medical evidence. Download pdf file offsite here.

In Re Estate of Marshall C. Gardiner (2002). Kansas State Supreme Court declared marriage of transsexual woman J'Noel Gardiner invalid.   TLPI  NEWS RELEASE.   Read the case here.  Read the reversed decision here. Read a story about the case in Salon Online Magazine here..

In Re Robert Henry McIntyre (1998) - Pennsylvania Supreme Court overturns lower court decision requiring a transsexual women to have surgery before legal name change. (offsite).

AUSTRALIA: In Re Kevin (2001 and 2003). The Full Court of the Family Court has rejected a bid by the Federal Attorney-General to rule a marriage between a transsexual and a woman invalid. This case upholds a 2001 ruling that a marriage between a transsexual man and a woman was a valid marriage under Australian law.  Read the February 2003 decision denying the appeal here in pdf format.  Read the summary of the 2003 judgment in html format off site here.  Read the original very positive 2001 decision off site here.   Read short Sydney Morning Herald story here.

UK: Corbett v. Corbett (1970), on the UK's Press For Change site. United Kingdom.  Effectively overruled by the Goodwin and I decisions (below).

UK: Bellinger v. Bellinger (2003): Transgender UK Marriage Not Legal: A British transgendered woman has lost the battle to have her 22-year marriage declared legal. See story here.   See Press For Change fact sheet on this case, Bellinger v. Bellinger.

EUROPE: Goodwin v UK Government & I v. UK Government (2002), from the European Court of Human Rights, finds that the United Kingdom must legally recognize the post-operative sex of transsexual people.

See also:

Shannon Minter, Transgendered Persons and Marriage: The Importance of Legal Planning in PDF, Legal Director, National Center for Lesbian Rights. Also available from NCLR, 870 Market Street, Suite 570, San Francisco, CA 94102, 415-392-6257, nclrights@nclrights.org.(January 2004)

March 13, 2003--Ithaca, NY--Transgender Professor Stephen Whittle Talks Marriage. Read Cornell Daily Sun story here

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Discrimination Cases

March 30, 2005--New York, NY--New York Appeals Court Dismisses Transgender Bathroom Lawsuit. Story here.

March 25, 2005--Cincinatti, OH--Sixth Circuit upholds officer's TG discrimination award; Court says again: 1964 Civil Rights Act includes transgender and some gay bias. Gay Peoples Chronicle story here. Gay City News story here.

June 2, 2004--Philadelphia, PA--City settles suit over transsexual's death; The family of entertainer Nizah Morris gets $250,000. Here.

June 1, 2004--Ohio--Sixth Circuit holds that Title VII applies to transgender people, based on their reading of Price Waterhouse. Read the full decision here in PDF.

January 2, 2004--Vancouver, BC, CANADA--Court Rules Rape Center Did Not Discriminate In Refusing TG Volunteer.  Here.   Decision here.

October 2003--Tronetti v. TLC Healthnet, a Title VII complaint involving a pre-operative trans person.

May 30, 2003--New York, NY--Two transsexuals were wrongfully can-canned from their jobs as go-go dancers at a Chelsea nightclub because the owners wanted to hire "real girls," a judge ruled yesterday.  Story (it's very short) here.

March 30, 2003--Spokane, WA-- AP Story: Sex-change recipient claims bias in lawsuit.  Read story here.

March 13, 2003--Denver, CO--Transsexual Inmate Barred From Sex Treatments.  Read the story, which most definitely did not follow the AP style guide regarding proper pronoun usage, here.

March 7, 2003--New York, NY--Lesbian Hairdresser Bias Suit Nixed, Case highlights complexity of gender conformity, federal law.  See Gay City News Story.

February 28, 2004--Cincinatti, OH--Transsexual Police Officer Receives Additional Settlement; City Attorney Plans To Appeal Decision. Here.

February 26, 2003--Cincinatti, OH.  A federal court jury awarded $320,000 to a transsexual Cincinnati police officer who was demoted from the rank of sergeant in 1999.  The jury held that the City of Cincinnati discriminated against the officer, a 22 year veteran of the force, for failing to conform to male stereotypes while serving as a probationary sergeant in 1999.  The jury also held that the City of Cincinnati intentionally discriminated against Ms. Barnes based on her perceived sexual orientation, gender identity or transsexuality.  See news story.

January 16, 2003--New York, NY.   Hispanic AIDS Forum v. Estate of Joseph Bruno: Judge’s Rulings Favor Latino AIDS Agency in Transgender Discrimination Suit.  See ACLU press release.

November 15, 2002--Transgender Win in Massachusetts; Court finds protections based on sex, disability.  See NYC Gay City News story.

November 15, 2002--Toys ‘R’ Us May Pay Up After All; Transgender plaintiffs, awarded only $1, win big attorney’s fees. See NYC Gay City News story.

Oiler v. Winn-Dixie, 2002. Federal district judge rules that employee who was fired because he cross-dressed off the job is not protected by federal sex discrimination law.  See TLPI Press Release.   The National Transgender Advocacy Coalition has posted the case in PDF format here. See also the American Civil Liberties Union page on transgender people, which has documents on the Oiler v. Winn-Dixie case..

September 24, 2002:  Reuters Wire Story--"Transvestite Settles Beauty School Lawsuit."  [Not our headline] Click here for the off-site link.

First TG case under 1964 Civil Rights Act is settled.  See Gay People's Chronicle Story.  2002.

The Hawai'i Civil Rights Commission rules that the commission can hear sexual discrimination complaints filed by transgendered or transsexual individuals.  You can read the decision in HTML here or you can download it in RTF format offsite here. 2002.

DECLARATORY RULING ON BEHALF OF JOHN/JANE DOE. Connecticut Human Rights Commission Rules in Favor of Transgender People. See GLAD press release.  Read the decision. (November 2000).

Doe v. Bell: New York State Court rules that the New York City Administration for Children Services violated the New York State Human Rights Law by prohibting her from wearing skirts and dresses.  January 10, 2003. See Sylvia Rivera Legal Resource Program News Release.  Read case here in PDF format.

Doe v. Yunits: (Boston transgender student case): January 2001: GLAD press release: Brockton Court Rules in Favor of Transgender Student (pdf file).   Petition for relief brought by Doe's attorney, Gay and Lesbian Advocates and Defenders.  (pdf file)

Enriquez, M.D. v. West Jersey Health Systems.  Transgender Law and Policy Press Release: New Jersey Appeals Court Finds Transgender Doctor Covered by State Non-Discrimination Law. Read the actual decision here. 2001.

Hispanic AIDS Forum v. Estate of Joe Bruno, A New York Supreme Court judge ruled that a transgender person's anatomy is not relevant to gender identity. (2003)

Julienne Goins v. West Group Petition for rehearing (PDF format) of the November 29th, 2001 decision filed by attorney for petitioner J. Goins.    Amicus brief filed in support of J. Goins' petition for rehearing.   Minnesota Supreme Court opinion, November 29, 2001.   Amici curiae brief (PDF format) filed in West's appeal of the November 21, 2000 decision.  MN Court of Appeals decision, November 21, 2000.

Mario v. P & C Food Markets (2002) Gender Change Insurance Nixed: Federal appeals court upholds ruling that sex change surgery is merely “cosmetic”. See Art Leonard GCN story.

Oiler v. Winn-Dixie.  ACLU Criticizes Decision in Louisiana Transgendered Case, Oiler v. Winn-Dixie

Maffei v. Kolaeton Industries, Inc. - A state court in New York City finds that the New York City Human Right Law's prohibition against "gender" discrimination applies to a transsexual man.  Read the decision here.  1995.

Rosa v. Park West Bank (credit discrimination case): A federal Court of Appeals found that federal sex discrimination laws applies to an individual who was discriminated against for cross-dressing, and suggested that Ulane is no longer good law. (offsite)GLAD press release (pdf file);   Same GLAD press release (off site);   Actual decision (off site).

Schwenk v. Hartford (9th Cir., 2000) - A federal Court of Appeals found that discrimination "because one fails to act in the way expected of a man or woman" may violate federal sex discrimination laws. 2000. Offsite.

Ulane v. Eastern Airlines- A federal Court of Appeals ruled a transsexual woman was not discriminated against "because she is female, but because Ulane is a transsexual."  Upheld by the Supreme Court.  1984. Read the decision here.

Youngblood v. Hillsborough School District:  U.S. Judge rules that requiring Nikki Youngblood to wear a frilly feminine drape for her graduation photo is not discrimination based on sex or free expression.  September 24, 2002.  See NCLR docket on this case here.

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Criminal Justice

February 24, 2004--Wyoming--Federal udge says Wyoming prison violated due process rights of intersexual woman. Here.

November 28, 2003--Casper, Wyoming--Douglas hermaphrodite sues Corrections Department. A transgendered woman has sued the state Department of Corrections over her 14-month sentence at the Wyoming Women's Center.  Here.

November 28, 2003--Washington, DC--Trans woman reports sexual assault in D.C. male cellblock. Incident prompts police to consider changing record system. Here.

November 26, 2003--Miami, FL--A Mexican [trans woman] ]seeking asylum who was sexually abused by a guard at the Krome detention center in May 2000 has accepted $95,000 to settle a lawsuit
against the federal government.  Here.

November 25, 2003--Concord, NH--Inmate sues prison for sex change and hormone treatments. Here. and Here.

July 18, 2003--Albany, NY--Trans Inmate Entitled to Care; Federal judge nixes prison’s policy of treating only pre-existing gender identity disorder.   See story here.

May 27, 2003--Richmond, VA--Transsexual Ruling Reversed: The U.S. appeals court in Richmond today said a Roanoke federal judge should not have dismissed the case of a transsexual state prison inmate seeking to resume estrogen treatments.  Story here.

March 13, 2003--Denver, CO--Transsexual Inmate Barred From Sex Treatments.  Read the story, which most definitely did not follow the AP style guide regarding proper pronoun usage, here.

Schwenk v. Hartford (9th Cir., 2000) - A federal Court of Appeals found that discrimination "because one fails to act in the way expected of a man or woman" may violate federal sex discrimination laws. 2000. Offsite.

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Torts Litigation

Joann Brandon v. County of Richardson, Nebraska. Amicus Curiae brief filed by the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association  support in support plaintiff-appellant (Brandon Teenan's mother.) In PDF format.

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Immigration

November 29, 2004--Los Angeles--A lawsuit filed against the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services alleges the agency discriminated against a Filipino couple when it denied the husband's legal residency because his wife had a sex change operation nearly 24 years ago. AP Wire story here.Hernandez-Montiel v. Immigration and Naturalization Service. The 9th Circuit U.S. federal court of appeals finds that a transgendered Mexican person "had a well-founded fear of future persecution and was entitled to asylum and withholding of deportation." Read actual case in html, offsite.   Read amici curiae brief submitted by the National Center for Lesbian Rights and other groups (in PDF format).

See also Fact Sheet on Applying for Immigration Based On Gender Identity Persecution, from the National Center for Lesbian Rights

August, 2004--Washington, DC--US Government Announces Policy on Transsexual Applicants. In an interoffice memorandum, William R. Yates, Associate Director for Operations of the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (CIS) announced that in its adjudication of spousal and fiancé petitions, the agency would not recognize a marriage or intended marriage where either party claims to be a transsexual. Full story on visalaw.com here. Another story on ilw.com here.

March 6, 2003--Miami, FL--Miami Herald Story: Broader asylum rules reviewed--Bush administration is considering whether or not to make it even more difficult for women, gays, transgender people to make asylum claims based on gender persecution.

 

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Medical

May 27, 2003--Richmond, VA--Transsexual Ruling Reversed: The U.S. appeals court in Richmond today said a Roanoke federal judge should not have dismissed the case of a transsexual state prison inmate seeking to resume estrogen treatments.  Story here.

April 19, 2003--Vancouver, BC--British Columbia Ordered To Pay For TG Surgery: The British Columbia government has been ordered to pay a transgendered man more than $125,000 (Cdn) for sex reassignment surgery. Vancouver Sun story here.

Mario v. P & C Food Markets (2002) Gender Change Insurance Nixed: Federal appeals court upholds ruling that sex change surgery is merely “cosmetic”. See Art Leonard GCN story.

Beger v. Reynolds. Case involving the Medicaid denial of a request for breast reconstruction surgery: Germaine Beger's Memorandum in Support of Her Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (PDF file)

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Tax

January 25, 2006--Washington, DC--IRS disallows a woman's tax deduction for SRS - citing teachings in a Catholic religious journal as a basis for its decision. See report by Lynn Conway here. See web CPA article here. This ruling is being appealed.

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Youth Cases 

August 20, 2004--New Jersey--Federal Appellate court rules a school failed to provide a "free appropriate public education" to a student who suffered homophobic and gender stereotyping harassment. In pdf here.

Doe v. Bell: New York State Court rules that the New York City Administration for Children Services violated the New York State Human Rights Law by prohibting her from wearing skirts and dresses.  January 1, 2003. See Sylvia Rivera Legal Resource Program News Release.  Read case here in PDF format.

Doe v. Yunits: (Boston transgender student case): January 2001: GLAD press release: Brockton Court Rules in Favor of Transgender Student (pdf file).   Petition for relief brought by Doe's attorney, Gay and Lesbian Advocates and Defenders.  (pdf file) See also GLAD--Educational Flyer for Trans Youth in Massachusetts. Here in pdf.

Youngblood v. Hillsborough School District:  U.S. Judge rules that requiring Nikki Youngblood to wear a frilly feminine drape for her graduation photo is not discrimination based on sex or free expression.  September 24, 2002.  See NCLR docket on this case here.

April 9, 2003--San Francisco, CA--Schools must protect gay kids, court rules.  A federal appeals court in San Francisco has issued a historic decision, holding school officials liable for failing to protect students from anti-gay harassment. See 365gay.com story here.   See National Center for Lesbian Rights press release here.   And in another case brought by the National Center for Lesbian Rights and the American Civil Liberties Union of Southern California, a federal court ruled April 4, 2003 that a lesbian student can sue school district for barring her from gym class. Release here.

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See also:

 

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For more information, please contact us
at info@transgenderlaw.org
Last edited: 01/27/2006